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Part A · Vocabulary重要單字整理
📢 白話說明：本單元單字大多跟「大自然、戶外景觀、環境」有關，很多動詞都需要背過去式！特別注意：有些動詞是「不規則變化」（如 burn → burned 或 burnt），考試常考！
beach(n.)海灘
[biːtʃ]
💡 on the beach ＝ 在海灘上（介系詞用 on）
trash(n.)垃圾（不可數）
[træʃ]
💡 美式說法；英式用 garbage；leftovers ＝ 廚餘
island(n.)島嶼
[ˈaɪlənd]
💡 注意：s 不發音！唸 [ˈaɪlənd]，不是 [ˈɪslənd]
sea(n.)海（靠近陸地的海）
[siː]
💡 sea 靠近陸地；ocean 是大洋（如太平洋）
rainforest(n.)雨林
[ˈreɪnˌfɒrɪst]
💡 rain（雨）+ forest（森林）組合，兩種拼法都對
river(n.)河流
[ˈrɪvər]
💡 in the river（在河流中）/ on the river（在河面上）
lake(n.)湖泊
[leɪk]
💡 at the lake / in the lake 皆可使用
hill(n.)山丘（較矮的山）
[hɪl]
💡 on the hill / in the hills；mountain 是更高的山
mountain(n.)山
[ˈmaʊntɪn]
💡 on the mountain / in the mountains 皆可
coral reef(n.)珊瑚礁
[ˌkɒrəl ˈriːf]
💡 珊瑚礁因海水暖化而死亡（課文重要主題）
burn(v.)燃燒
[bɜːrn]
💡 過去式：burned 或 burnt 皆可
climb(v.)爬（山）；攀爬
[klaɪm]
💡 b 不發音！go mountain climbing ＝ 去爬山；過去式 climbed
plant(v./n.)種植；植物
[plænt]
💡 plant trees ＝ 種樹；過去式 planted
hike(v.)健行
[haɪk]
💡 go hiking ＝ 去健行；過去式 hiked；hiking trail ＝ 登山步道
happen(v.)發生
[ˈhæpən]
💡 主詞只能是「事」！What happened? ✅ She happened. ❌
die(v.)死亡
[daɪ]
💡 過去式 died；dying（垂死的）/ dead（死亡的形容詞）
🚨 考試陷阱：die / dead / dying 區別
die（動詞）
My grandpa
died this morning.（✅ 過去式）
❌ My grandpa is dead this morning.（died 才對）
dead（形容詞）
The coral reefs are
dead.（已經死了）
The coral reefs are
dying.（正在死去）
sea vs. ocean
sea ＝ 靠近陸地的海（日本海）
ocean ＝ 大洋（太平洋 the Pacific Ocean）
island 發音
island 唸作 [ˈaɪlənd]
s 不發音！拼字不要寫成 iland
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Part B · Time Expressions過去式時間詞
📢 白話說明：看到這些時間詞，動詞要用過去式！這是考試最常考的判斷方式。
yesterday 昨天
yesterday morning 昨天早上
yesterday afternoon 昨天下午
last night / yesterday evening 昨晚
last Sunday / last weekend 上週日 / 上週末
last year 去年
the day before yesterday 前天
three days ago 三天前
an hour ago 一小時前
two years ago 兩年前
before 以前（可單獨用）
then / at that time 那時候
⚠️ ago / before / then 三個容易混淆
- ago 必須加在「一段時間」後面：three days ago、an hour ago。❌ 不能單獨使用
- before 可以單獨使用，表示「在那之前；以前」
- then ＝ at that time，指過去「那個當下」
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Part B · Prepositions自然景觀搭配介系詞
📢 白話說明：說「在哪裡」要用介系詞（on / in / at / by），但不同的自然景觀要搭配不同的介系詞。這個規則沒有辦法死背，要靠多記例子！
| 介系詞 | 中文 | 搭配景觀（例句） |
|---|
| on |
在…上（表面） |
on the beach / on the river / on the lake / on the hill / on the mountain |
| in |
在…中（範圍內） |
in the river / in the lake / in the hills / in the mountains / in the rainforest |
| at |
在…（泛指地點） |
at the beach / at the river / at the lake |
| by |
在…旁邊 |
by the beach / by the river / by the lake（＝ beside） |
💡 on the hill vs. in the hills 有什麼不同？
- on the hill（單數）→ 在那座特定山丘的頂部
- in the hills（複數）→ 在廣泛的山丘地帶中
- 同樣道理：on the mountain vs. in the mountains
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Part C · Grammar 1Be 動詞過去式（was / were）
📢 白話說明：Be 動詞過去式只有兩個：was 和 were。記住：「I、He/She/It → was；You、We、They → were」。特別注意：You 就算指你一個人，也永遠用 were！
| 主詞 | 現在式 | 過去式（肯定） | 過去式（否定） |
|---|
| I | am | was | was not / wasn't |
| He / She / It / 單數名詞 | is | was | was not / wasn't |
| You | are | were | were not / weren't |
| We / They / 複數名詞 | are | were | were not / weren't |
| 句型 | 結構 | 例句 |
|---|
| 肯定直述句 |
主詞 + was/were + 名詞/形容詞/地方 |
Ted was thirsty after the game. |
| 否定直述句 |
主詞 + wasn't/weren't + ... |
Mia wasn't thirsty. |
| Yes/No 問句 |
Was/Were + 主詞 + ...? |
Were you at the party? |
| 肯定回答 |
Yes, 主詞 + was/were. |
Yes, they were. |
| 否定回答 |
No, 主詞 + wasn't/weren't. |
No, they weren't. |
| Wh- 問句 |
Where + was/were + 主詞 + 時間? |
Where were they an hour ago? |
⚠️ there was / there were 陷阱
- There was + 單數名詞：There was a bird on the tree.
- There were + 複數名詞：There were lots of fish in the sea.
- 注意：lots of / a lot of 後面視名詞的單複數決定用 was 或 were
✏️
Part C · Grammar 2規則動詞過去式（V-ed）變化規則
📢 白話說明：規則動詞的過去式就是在字尾加 -ed，但加的方式有四種。加完都叫「V-ed」，統一代表規則動詞過去式。
| 情況 | 規則 | 例子 |
|---|
| 一般字尾是子音 |
直接加 -ed |
camp → camped check → checked wash → washed |
| 字尾已有 e |
只加 -d |
hike → hiked live → lived change → changed |
| 子音 + y |
去 y 加 -ied |
study → studied try → tried hurry → hurried |
| 母音 + y |
直接加 -ed |
play → played enjoy → enjoyed stay → stayed |
| 子音+母音+子音（重音在末音節） |
重複字尾再加 -ed |
stop → stopped jog → jogged plan → planned |
-ed 字尾發音三種：
- [t]：字尾為無聲子音（p/k/s/f/ch/sh）→ camped、cooked、washed
- [d]：字尾為有聲子音或母音 → jogged、loved、rowed
- [ɪd]：字尾已是 [t] 或 [d] → wanted、planted、visited（多一個音節）
| 句型 | 結構 | 例句 |
|---|
| 肯定直述句 |
主詞 + V-ed + 時間 |
He hiked last Sunday. |
| 否定直述句 |
主詞 + didn't + 原形V + 時間 |
He didn't hike last Sunday. |
| Yes/No 問句 |
Did + 主詞 + 原形V + 時間? |
Did he hike last Sunday? |
| 肯定回答 |
Yes, 主詞 + did. |
Yes, he did. |
| 否定回答 |
No, 主詞 + didn't. |
No, he didn't. |
| Wh- 問句 |
疑問詞 + did + 主詞 + 原形V? |
What did he do? |
⚠️ didn't 後面一定接原形動詞！
- ✅ She didn't walk the dog.（原形 walk）
- ❌ She didn't walked the dog.（didn't 後面不能接過去式！）
特別補充：How come？（怎麼會？為什麼？）
- Why：Why + 助動詞 + 主詞 + 原形V?（需要倒裝）
- How come：How come + 主詞 + 動詞?（不倒裝！）
| 用法 | 正確 | 錯誤 |
|---|
| Why（需倒裝） |
Why are you wearing a mask? |
— |
| How come（不倒裝） |
How come you are wearing a mask? |
How come are you wearing a mask? |
🔀
Part C · Irregular Verbs不規則動詞對照表
📢 白話說明：這些動詞的過去式沒有規律可循，只能一個一個背。考試最常考的就是這裡！
| 中文 | 原形 V | 過去式 V-ed | 備注 |
|---|
| 買 | buy | bought | |
| 帶；搭乘 | take | took | |
| 學習 | learn | learned / learnt | 兩種寫法皆可 |
| 建造 | build | built | |
| 嘗試 | try | tried | 規則動詞（y→ied） |
| 躲藏 | hide | hid | |
| 失去；輸 | lose | lost | |
| 哭泣 | cry | cried | 規則動詞（y→ied） |
| 吹 | blow | blew | |
| 製造 | make | made | |
| 遇見 | meet | met | |
| 可以；能 | can | could | |
| 來 | come | came | |
| 放（置） | put | put | 原形＝過去式 |
| 畫圖 | draw | drew | |
| 閱讀 | read | read | 拼法同，發音從 /riːd/ 變 /rɛd/ |
| 喝 | drink | drank | |
| 騎 | ride | rode | |
| 開車 | drive | drove | |
| 跑 | run | ran | |
| 吃 | eat | ate | |
| 看見 | see | saw | |
| 掉落 | fall | fell | |
| 賣 | sell | sold | |
| 飛 | fly | flew | |
| 睡覺 | sleep | slept | |
| 得到 | get | got | |
| 教導 | teach | taught | |
| 給予 | give | gave | |
| 認為 | think | thought | |
| 去 | go | went | |
| 叫醒 | wake | woke | |
| 划船 | row | rowed | 規則動詞（發音 [d]） |
💬
Part C · Phrases重要片語與佳句
go camping / go hiking
去露營 / 去健行
have a picnic / go on a picnic
野餐
little by little
漸漸地；一點一點地
miss the good old days
想念美好的往日時光
make money / lose money
賺錢 / 賠錢
go + V-ing
從事某種活動（go swimming / shopping）
around the world
全世界各地（= all over the world）
🚨 6大必考陷阱整理
陷阱① was / were 的主詞判斷：You 永遠用 were，不管是你一個人還是你們一群人。He/She/It/單數名詞 → was；複數名詞 → were
陷阱② 否定句 didn't 後面一定接原形動詞。✅ She didn't walk the dog. ❌ She didn't walked the dog.
陷阱③ How come 後面不倒裝。✅ How come you are here?（主詞在動詞前） ❌ How come are you here?
陷阱④ happen 主詞不能是人。✅ What happened to her?（事情發生了） ❌ She happened.（人不能當 happen 的主詞）
陷阱⑤ 介系詞 + 自然景觀：on the beach/hill/mountain（表面上）；in the river/lake/hills/mountains（範圍中）；at the beach/river/lake（泛指地點）；by the beach/river/lake（旁邊）
陷阱⑥ 規則動詞字尾 -ed 變化：stop → stopped（重複字尾）；study → studied（y→ied）；live → lived（有 e 只加 d）；play → played（母音+y 直接加 ed）